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Yag Laser
What is the type of laser used most widely in industrial materials processing applications?
a) Dye Laser
b) YAG laser
c) Ruby Laser
d) Carbon Dioxide Laser
The Carbon Dioxide laser (d) is most commonly used for cutting. The YAG is also used, but not as much.
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| | Yag Training Vessels $68.51 High Quality Content by WIKIPEDIA articles YAG (Yard Auxiliary, General) training vessels are wooden boats built between 1954 and 1958, and based at CFB Esquimalt in Esquimalt, British Columbia, Canada. The vessels are used for training Canadian Forces regular naval officers, naval reservists, and members of the Royal Canadian Sea Cadets in basic seamanship, vessel handling, and navigation. According to the Department of National Defence, in 2000, a total of 1830 personnel were deployed on the YAGs for a total of 585 days and steamed over 25,000 nautical miles (46,000 km) in support of training. YAGs displace 70 tonnes, and are divided into five major belowdecks compartments: right forward, a chain locker, then the forward cabin, containing the galley, one of the heads (washrooms) and the officers eating and sleeping areas, as well as the gyroscopic (gyro) compass. Author: Surhone, Lambert M./ Timpledon, Miriam T./ Marseken, Susan F. Binding Type: Paperback Number of Pages: 80 Publication Date: 2010/07/05 Language: English Dimensions: 5.98 x 9.01 x 0.19 inches |
| | Laser Bonding $71.7 Laser bonding is a marking technique that uses lasers and other forms of radiant energy to bond an additive marking substance to a wide range of substrates. Invented in 1997, this patent protected technology delivers permanent marks on metals, glass and ceramic parts for a diverse range of industrial and manual applications, ranging from aerospace to the awards engraving industries. It differs from the more widely known techniques of laser engraving and laser ablation in that it is an additive process, adding material to the substrate to form the marking instead of removing it as in those techniques. For metals, parts can be permanently marked with high contrast, high resolution marks for logos, barcoding, identification and serialization purposes, without damage to the substrate. With glass and ceramics, complex surfaces can be decorated or marked and the traditional firing process replaced by a laser, with its permanent bond fired on in seconds. Laser bonding has been achieved by Nd:YAG, CO2 laser, Fiber laser and Diodepumped solidstate laser and can be made by other forms of radiant energy. Laser bonding is often referred to as CerMark, CerMarked, or CerMarking Author: Miller, Frederic P./ Vandome, Agnes F./ McBrewster, John Binding Type: Paperback Number of Pages: 92 Publication Date: 2010/04/23 Language: English Dimensions: 9.02 x 5.98 x 0.22 inches |
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| | Laser Desorption from a Room Temperature Ionic Liquid. $115.71 We report laser desorption from a Room Temperature Ionic Liquid (RTIL) as a novel source for time of flight mass spectrometry. We use the 2nd harmonic of an Nd: YAG laser to deposit intensities of 150 MW/cm2 via backside illumination onto our RTIL desorption sample. A microstructured metal grid situated on top of a glass microscope slide coated with RTIL serves as our desorption sample. The RTIL we use, 1Butyl, 3Methylimidazolium Hexafluorophosphate, remains liquid at pressures below 108 torr. The use of liquid desorption sample allows for improved surface conditions, homogeneity and sample life as compared to Matrix Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization (MALDI) techniques. Our desorption technique is also unique as it allows the study of both multiphoton and acoustic desorption processes within the same time of flight spectra. Our technique yields intrinsically high resolution, low noise data. We observe differences between ion species in their preference for desorption by a particular desorption method. Specifically, we observe desorption solely by acoustic means of an entire RTIL molecule adducted with an RTIL cation. Finally, we report the applicability of this technique for the desorption of biomolecules Author: Harris, Peter Ronald Binding Type: Paperback Number of Pages: 112 Publication Date: 2011/09/11 Language: English Dimensions: 9.69 x 7.44 x 0.23 inches |
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YAG-LASER 40W
The Advantages Of New Fibre Laser Welding Techniques
A fuel cell is an electro chemical energy conversion device, which produces electricity from external supplies of fuel (on the anode side) and oxidant (on the cathode side). These react in the presence of an electrolyte to produce energy.
Since a typical fuel cell produces less than one volt, in practical application cells are 'stacked' in parallel to create a useful voltage. Thus a typical fuel cell is made up of many thin sheets, usually of stainless steel, which must be welded together to form the fuel cell stack.
Welding of the plates is by far the most time consuming process involved in the manufacture of fuel cells - there is about one meter of welding required for every single plate in every single fuel cell stack - that is about 400m of welding for each eco-car. Optimising the welding process offers the opportunity to make significant savings in the cost of production of fuel cells.
The issues here are all related to the difficulty of achieving a small, clean, reliable weld at viable production speeds using traditional laser welding techniques. To solve these problems, the leading-edge manufacturers are now looking to fibre laser welding technology.
The key advantages of fibre lasers over other laser technologies are its high beam quality, energy & power stability, giving higher power density and a greater breadth of control, as well as its low total cost of ownership. The high beam quality of the fibre laser enables the beam to be focused to a small spot with a correspondingly high energy density. This enables very fast and efficient processing, yielding welds with a high aspect ratio. Compared with other laser sources, the fibre laser can produce welds with significantly lower heat input resulting in less distortion of the welded plates. The high energy stability, typically +/-0.5%, gives welds of consistent profile and penetration with extremely low levels of weld root porosity.
It is recognised that other laser technologies are capable of making such welds, but the fibre laser offers a solution that welds faster with higher quality at a lower operational running cost. "We believe that the cost-performance capability of a standard 200W fibre laser will act as an enabling technology in the battle to drive down production costs of tomorrows fuel cells" said John Tinson.
The fuel cell plate requires a high aspect ratio weld (typically 3:1 or 4:1) in order minimise heat input to the plate and keep distortion to an acceptable level. The beauty of the fibre laser is that it readily achieves this with spot sizes of less than 200 m. As a result, distortion of the plates, a potentially cumulative problem when the plates are stacked, can be minimised.
Metallographic analysis of 'key-hole' and high aspect ratio welds often reveals problems with weld porosity, particularly in the root of the weld. In the fuel cell application the integrity of the weld is vitally important and a fully hermetic seal is a prime requirement. A poor quality weld could lead to serious performance problems over the life of the fuel cell, or even leakage of hydrogen or other fluids. Experience has shown that the fibre laser, with its exceptionally high power density at the work-piece, is particularly good producing consistently reliable, non-porous welds.
Another problem noted by some manufacturers using YAG or CO2 lasers is the possibility of 'humping' of the weld, when the laser is operated at high production speeds. This is the phenomenon whereby the inherent fluid instability of the melt pool at high weld speed creates a 'hump'. It is seen as a problem by some manufacturers because it can limit production speed, but it is not a problem with a standard 200W fibre laser, even at speeds of up to five or six metres / minute it can produce over 2,500km of weld per annum.
In a production environment fibre lasers have a reputation from extremely high up times and have no operational consumables, unlike other laser sources such as Nd:YAG lasers that require a periodic change of flash lamps or CO2 lasers which need supply of consumable gases. Additionally the high electrical efficiency of fibre lasers - up to ten times more efficient in power consumption than Nd:YAG equivalents mean that they offer significantly lower running costs. They can be used for welding 'on demand' unlike some other types of lasers with no need for warm-up, further reducing energy consumption and run through scrap. As fibre lasers are sealed units with no lamps that need changing or mirrors to realign, they have a very low maintenance overhead, yielding savings of thousands of £ per annum per laser.
Fibre lasers offer fuel cell manufacturers an attractive "green manufacturing" technology, providing high productivity / high integrity welding with low operating costs for this critical application.
Results from leading manufacturers in this field show that fibre laser welding will play a significant role in tipping the balance for fuel cell technology from a 'promising idea' to a serious commercial solution to the world's energy-usage problems.
About the Author
John Tinson represents SPI Lasers, the world-leading fiber laser suppliers. Specialists in
Fibre Laser Welding
.
Cool laser!